Researchers have developed a novel vaccine delivery approach that uses dental floss to administer vaccines through the junctional epithelium, the thin, permeable tissue located between the teeth and gums. Unlike most epithelial tissues, this mucosal layer lacks a strong barrier, allowing immune cells to move freely and making it a promising entry point for immunization. Because many pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces such as the nose and lungs, stimulating antibody production at these sites can strengthen early immune defense.
In animal studies, mice received vaccines via flossing, nasal administration, or sublingual delivery. Floss-based delivery generated stronger mucosal antibody responses than sublingual vaccination and provided protection comparable to nasal delivery. The technique also produced robust systemic and mucosal antibody responses when tested with peptide, protein, inactivated virus, and mRNA vaccines. Food and water intake after administration did not affect immune outcomes.
To assess feasibility in humans, researchers tested floss picks coated with dye in 27 participants and found that about 60 percent of the material was successfully deposited in the gum pocket. While further research is needed, including evaluation in people with gum disease and in toothless populations, the method may offer a needle-free, cost-comparable alternative for mucosal and systemic immunization. (Image credit: Jie Sun, NC State University)
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