Meeting the requirements for patient-connected medical devices can present challenges for power system designers. There are several key elements to consider, including isolation, leakage/touch currents, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), number of power outputs required, and the environment for use. This article discusses approaches for power architectures within medical devices for patient-connected applications.
Applied Parts
The element of the medical device that comes into contact with the patient is known as the applied part. The applied part is defined as the part of the medical device that, in order for the medical device to perform its function, deliberately comes into direct contact with a patient or has parts that are likely to come into contact with the patient during normal use.
The IEC 60601-1 suite of standards defines Applied Parts according to the type of patient contact and the type or nature of the medical device. The current version of IEC 60601-1 is the third edition, which was first published in December 2005, has been adopted in all major countries and regions of the world as the following latest versions:
IEC 60601-1:2005 (Third Edition) + CORR. 1:2006 + CORR. 2:2007 + A1:2012.
Europe: EN 60601-1:2006/A1:2013/ A12:2014.
USA: ANSI/AAMI ES60601-1: A1:2012, C1:2009/(R)2012 and A2:2010/ (R)2012.
Canada: CSA CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 60601-1:14.
Each classification within the standard has requirements for protection against electric shock. The three classifications are detailed below, in order of the least stringent to the most stringent:
Type B (Body). Type B classification is given to applied parts, which are generally not conductive and may be connected to earth.
Type BF (Body Floating). Type BF classification is given to applied parts that are electrically connected to the patient and must be floating and separated from earth. This classification does not include applied parts that are in direct contact to the heart.
Type CF (Cardiac Floating). Type CF classification is given to applied parts suitable for direct cardiac connection. This means connection to the heart of the patient, including intravenous connection such as dialysis. These applied parts must be floating and separated from earth.
Isolation Requirements
Patient-connected medical devices are required to provide two means of protection (MOP) to prevent applied parts and other accessible parts from exceeding the limitations of voltage, current, or energy. A compliant protective earth connection provides 1 MOP, basic isolation also provides 1 MOP, and reinforced insulation provides 2 MOP. Means of protection can be categorized as means of operator protection (MOOP) or means of patient protection (MOPP). In devices intended for patient connection, 2 × MOPP are required.
Power architectures for use in medical devices with type BF and CF classification are required to provide 2 × MOPP from primary to secondary, 1 × MOPP from primary to earth and additional safety isolation from the secondary output of the power system to earth also rated at 1 × MOPP, all at the (highest rated) incoming AC line voltage (see Table 1).
Leakage Currents
Additionally, the power system must be designed to limit the touch current, patient auxiliary current and patient leakage current. The maximum allowable values for the touch current are 100 A in normal conditions and 500 A in a single fault condition (SFC), which effectively limits the system earth leakage current to 500 A in normal operation. The maximum allowable patient auxiliary current and patient leakage currents are defined in Table 2.
The challenge for the power system architecture designer in patient-contact medical devices, where an electrical connection is required, is to ensure that the power system provides the required safety isolation while minimizing the leakage currents under normal operation and protecting under fault conditions, by isolating the patient from ground.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
The medical device must also comply with the EMC requirements outlined in IEC 60601-1-2. An updated version of the medical EMC standard IEC 60601-1-2 was published in 2014, widely referred to as the 4th edition. There are two main aims of the 4th edition revisions.
The first is to improve immunity of equipment partly due to the proliferation of wireless communication devices operating within the local proximity of what may essentially be life critical equipment. These wireless devices may take the form of mobile phones, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Tetra, RFID, or paging-system products.
The second aim is to introduce an element of risk analysis into deciding which levels of immunity are suitable for the equipment, its intended operating environment, and foreseeable levels of disturbances. This is due to the inclusion into the standard of equipment intended to operate outside of hospital or professional healthcare environments in which there is less supervision of equipment and less control over the electromagnetic phenomena present. Part of the risk approach is that manufacturers must be clear about the essential operation of their product and mitigate the risk of failure or abnormal or unexpected operation by choosing the appropriate immunity levels.
The 4th edition considers three environments: professional healthcare facility; home healthcare; and special environments, examples of which could include heavy industry or medical equipment intentionally generating high power fields. As the required immunity levels now relate to these environments rather than to the product, the term life-supporting equipment is no longer used.
Power Solutions
In BF- and CF-rated medical devices, the power system is a critical factor in complying with isolation, leakage current, and EMC requirements.
For home healthcare environments, it is mandated to select an isolation scheme where there is no earth required, by implementing a class II isolation system that is naturally floating, but importantly, must still comply with requirements for enclosure and patient leakage currents to earth. This is a practical solution up to around 300 W, above which the EMC requirements become increasingly difficult to manage.
The majority of standard medically approved AC-DC power supplies are not suitable for direct connection to the patient for two reasons:
They do not have the required isolation from output to ground.
They do not meet the requirements for patient leakage current.
While they may offer the required 2 × MOPP from input to output and 1 × MOPP from input to ground, most of these units employ operational isolation from output to ground, often rated around 500 VAC/VDC, when patient-connected applications require a minimum of basic insulation at mains voltage, where the test voltage required is 1500 VAC and the creepage and clearance distances must be adhered to. The isolation capacitance from input to output is too high, resulting in excessive leakage current from output to ground.
A simple and low-cost solution, for low power patient-connected medical devices, is to employ a second isolation stage in the form of a medically approved DC-DC converter, which provides both basic isolation at AC line voltage and minimizes input to output capacitance (20–50 pF), reducing the potential patient leakage current to single digit μA. This solution also accounts for potentially low integrity system input and output signals that may be connected to uncontrolled external equipment such as a computer or monitor (see Figure 1).
In the simplified model of the power system in Figure 2, the path for patient leakage current is shown with C4 and C5 in series. C5 represents the DC-DC converter input to output capacitance which is very small and presents a high impedance to reduce the leakage current regardless of the typically higher value of C4.
Medically approved DC-DC converters with output ratings from 1 to 20 W are readily available, with the required input to output isolation and very low internal capacitance, designed specifically for these applications at a competitive cost and carrying agency approvals to the 60601 standards. When used in conjunction with a standard medically approved mains input power supply, patient leakage current can be reduced to levels as low as 2 μA suitable for use in both BF and CF applications. Where the supply to the DC-DC converter is from a regulated AC-DC power supply and the power required is less than 2–3 W, a fixed input, nonregulated output device can be used resulting in a very cost-effective solution.
Wide range input DC-DC products, offering a tightly controlled output over a wide DC input and output load range, with up to 2 × MOPP isolation and equally low internal capacitance, are also readily available for DC input or battery-powered portable devices.
Power Solutions for Multiple Outputs
In medical devices requiring multiple outputs for patient contact, the low leakage current provided by the additional DC-DC converter, which may be as low as 2 μA, provides an easy to implement robust solution to both patient auxiliary and patient leakage current requirements.
Where multiple outputs are required in the AC-DC stage the complication becomes the earth leakage current which is limited by the SFC touch current and makes the use of multiple power supplies impractical. In this instance, a multiple output AC-DC supply may be required.
For lower power systems, up to 300 W, there are multiple output medically approved units available in open frame or U-channel formats or, alternatively, extra voltage rails may be created using isolated or nonisolated off-the-shelf DC-DC converters running from a single output AC-DC power supply.
For higher power applications, there are readily available configurable solutions providing high power multiple output power solutions with medical safety agency approvals as standard, such as the fleXPower series.
Motor-Driven Applications
In higher power devices and motor driven applications, such as bone shavers; surgical tools; and electrically powered tables, beds, and chairs, it is not desirable to employ an additional isolation stage due to both the poor availability of suitably isolated DC-DC devices with higher power ratings and the inherent inefficiency of dual conversion of the power. In these applications, a power supply designed with the necessary isolation, spacing, and patient leakage current is required.
This combination of high isolation and low leakage currents presents its own design challenges in an AC-DC supply. The internal spacing requirement on the secondary side is greatly increased and must be implemented with system integration in mind. The requirements for low emissions and low leakage current are in conflict, requiring a low-noise topology and care in minimizing differential and common mode noise throughout the product while minimizing the line frequency ripple in primary circuits to reduce patient leakage current for the same input to output capacitance.
These higher power applications are usually BF rated, rather than CF rated, meaning that the patient leakage current requirement, while challenging, is less severe at 100 μA rather than 10 μA, and there are increasing numbers of standard AC-DC power supplies available that suit BF rated applications. XP Power's new 250 W, BF rated, CMP250 series, for example, comes with the isolation, leakage current, and 4th edition EMC requirements catered for with the added benefit of convection cooling to eliminate noisy system fans and combines a constant current overload characteristic with up to two times peak power for up to one minute making it ideally suited to motor driven applications.
The requirements for patient-connected medical devices are challenging for power system designers. Utilizing standard, approved, and suitably rated products or combinations of products with proven EMC performance such as those discussed above can provide the best value, lowest risk, and fastest time to market solution, simplifying both safety and EMC compliance of the end medical device.
This article was written by Gary Bocock, Technical Director, XP Power, Singapore. For more information, visit here .